Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Practice Questions

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

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Chronic hypertension increases the workload on the heart, causing hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Over time, this leads to decreased cardiac output and eventually heart failure.

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Alzheimers disease is marked by amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein, and neuronal loss, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex.

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Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure.

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The primary cause of COPD is long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways, most commonly cigarette smoke.

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Asthma involves chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production, which obstruct airflow.

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Atherosclerosis develops through endothelial injury, lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and plaque formation in the arterial walls.

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Glucocorticoids inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduce leukocyte migration, and stabilize lysosomal membranes, thereby reducing inflammation.

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