WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2 VERSIONS WITH 100% CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2 VERSIONS WITH
100% CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

VERSION 1
Explain Starling's Law of Capillary Forces and how it causes edema. - Starling's hypothesis
states that the fluid movement due to filtration across the wall of a capillary is dependent on
the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the pressure gradient across
the capillary. This causes edema by the retention of water in the tissues instead of vascular
system.
Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood? -glucose is
used for energy and is not synthesized by the brain, so it is needed to maintain brain/motor
functions
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - Type 1- The body's immune system
destroys the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin (typically in kids/ teens)
Type 2- "insulin resistance" - when cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.
Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity - Innate immunity is the body's
first line of defense against pathogens. It is general and non-specific, which means it does
not differentiate between types of pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is
built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated.
Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat,
and pain? Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response. - Our
body first releases cytokines which produce inflammatory cells or chemokines directly to
the affected area to stimulate healing. Vasodilation occurs simultaneously to facilitate
quicker and easier movement of inflammatory cells to the area.
Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the
parents (eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease) - in two heterozygous (two
different gene sets) carriers (one dominant and one recessive gene) creates a 50% chance
outcome of offspring having sickle cell disease
Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together to
maintain normal blood calcium levels. - calcitonin and PTH work oppositely to balance
calcium. the three work together to shift calcium into bones, organs and blood
Describe the function of osteocytes within lacunae of bone - Osteocytes maintain bone mass
through anabolic activities; they promote bone repair through recruitment of osteoclast
mediated turnover
Describe bone remodeling. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their
function? - osteoclasts destroy old, degenerative cells to make room for new ones.
osteoblasts build new bone cells. osteocytes facilitate this process and help retain calcium
for bone strength and health.
Osteoporosis - The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous,
brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia - disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D
deficiency
myoglobin - red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa - fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
Rickets - a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease - A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal
structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease - Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of
bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the
lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture - splintered into many pieces
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - T cells produce cytokines, which
stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - Mutations in genes or
chromosomal abnormalities