ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS


premenstrual dysphoric disorder - an emotional disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression, anger, irritability, fatigue during the week before menstruation and resolves after

dysfunctional uterine bleeding - a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes. Longer exposure to estrogen results in greater thickness of the endometrium and heavy bleeding.

prostate cancer - cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older. Adenocarcinoma as it develops primarily from the glandular part of the organ and shows typical glandular patterns on microscopic examination

HPV (human papilloma virus) - a group of viruses that can cause genital warts in males and females and can cause cervical cancer in females

cervical cancer - Malignant cell growth in the cervix; can be caused by HPV virus

body process for adapting to high hormone levels - Hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels of a hormone inhibit its further release. The three mechanisms of hormonal release are humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.

negative feedback - a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Cushing's syndrome - caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

Causes of hypoparathyroidism - surgical or radiation induced thyroid ablation
parathyroidectomy
congenital dysgenesis
idiopathic autoimmune hypoparathyroidism
hypomagnesemia

Primary hypothyroidism - caused by destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis
Endometrial cycle - The 28 days of the menstrual cycle as they apply to the events in the uterus. The endometrial cycle is also known as the uterine cycle, and has the three subphases: menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.

ovulation - The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month. Marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

follicular phase/proliferative phase - The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period.

Luteal phase/secretory phase - The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate.

uterine prolapse - the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

polycystic ovarian syndrome - endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation. Irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens (e.g., testosterone), and the appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Most common endocrine