Kaplan→ Med Surg 1, 2 & Comprehensive Rationales 2024/2025 brand new!!

Kaplan→ Med Surg 1, 2 & Comprehensive Rationales 2024/2025 brand new!!

Cushing’s Syndrome (2 questions)​ → hypersecretion of ACTH (hormone that allows body to react to
stress)
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ea1sXgd5ui8
● Signs & Symptoms​ → fatigue, muscle weakness, weight gain, thinning extremities, thin &
fragile skin, moon face & ruddy complexion, hirsutism, truncal obesity, broad purple striae,
bruising, impaired wound healing, increased blood pressure & sodium, hypokalemia,
hyperglycemia, buffalo hump, DM
● Treatment​ → restore hormone balance by radiation, drug therapy or adrenalectomy (removal of
one or both adrenal glands)
● Nursing Considerations​ → Frequently monitor VS (especially BP), monitor labs for electrolyte
changes, monitor daily weight, check for signs of infection, perform passive range of motion for
those that have osteoporosis or are bedridden
○ Post-surgery nursing considerations → encourage coughing & deep breathing, monitor
for shock & HTN, administer cortisone as ordered
○ Diet​ → High in protein & potassium, but low in carbs & sodium, high calcium + vit. D
2. Hepatitis (3 questions)​ → inflammation of the liver that causes liver cell damage
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eocRM7MhF68
○ Chronic hepatitis (> 6 months) can lead to cirrhosis of the liver
● Causes​ → bacteria, toxins or viruses , 6 viral types → A, B, C, D, E, G
● Hepatitis A & E → fecal to oral (shellfish from contaminated waters is a major source)
● Hep. A stages
○ Pre-icteric: malaise, N/V, anorexia
○ Icteric: jaundice, clay colored stool, tea colored urine
○ Convalescent: SX resolves
● Hepatitis B,C, D & G → parenteral drug abuse, sex, blood & body fluids,
● Signs & Symptoms​ → jaundice, anorexia, RUQ pain (due to hepatomegaly), clay-colored
stools, tea-colored urine (due to bilirubin leakage), apendicitispruritus, elevated LFT’s (AST &
ALT) & prolonged PT
● Treatment​ → symptomatic → vitamin K, anti-histamines, corticosteroids, anti-emetics & apply
calamine lotion
● Nursing Interventions​ → improve sanitation, vaccination, no ETOH, instruct pt to balance rest
and activity, patient cannot donate blood! HAND WASHING #1!
● Diet:​ low in fat, high in carbs and protein
3. Cytoscopy​ ​→ direct visualization of the urethra, bladder, ureteral orifices, and prostatic urethra
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiw8YM4YLFE - for males
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0-HXugWdDw - for females
○ Helps assess ureters and the pelvis of each kidney
○ Can obtain a urine specimen from each kidney to evaluate its function
○ Assist in performing a biopsy
○ Assist in removing calculi from the urethra, bladder and ureter
○ Performed in both lower and upper tract
● Lower tract cystoscopy
○ Pt. is usually awake; discomfort is equal to that of catheterization
○ Viscous lidocaine can be injected prior to the study to minimize post-test discomfort
○ General anesthesia is usually administered
● Upper Tract cystoscopy
○ Pt. usually kept NPO for several hours before test
○ A sedative may be administered
○ Pt. can expect some burning on voiding, blood in urine, urinary frequency
○ Heat applications are helpful in relieving pain and relaxing muscles
● Nursing Care​ → monitor pt. with prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate that can cause urine
difficulty) for urine retention, suggest warm sitz baths and antispasmodic meds, monitor for s/s
of UTI
4. Diabetes Mellitus (4 questions)​ → know setting priorities → Condition is characterized by a high level
of glucose in the body
○ Signs & Symptoms → THE POLY’s (polyuria,polydipsia, polyphagia), weakness, dizziness,
fatigue
i. In Children → those above + enuresis (bed-wetting), unusual fatigue & irritability
○ Type 1​ → beta cells in pancreas are destroyed and produce no insulin
i. Treatment → insulin injections, continuous infusion via pump & diet control
○ Type 2​ → beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin, but the body is resistant to its effects
i. Treatment → insulin, oral hypoglycemic injections & diet control
○ Diet Management → monitor total calories, carbs & timing of food
○ Diet Intake → meals with complex carbs, ↓ fat, ↑ fiber, some protein
i. Time meals with peak effect of insulin
ii. Provide extra snacks for unplanned physical activity
iii. Substitute soft foods 6-8 times per day if you cannot stick with the usual meal plan
iv. If vomiting, diarrhea or fever persist take in some liquids like ½ cup coke, juice, broth or
1 cup of gatorade to maintain caloric intake every ½ hour or hour
v. Report nausea, vomiting & diarrhea to HCp → extreme fluid loss = dangerous
vi. Unable to retain fluids = hospitalization to prevent DKA
○ Patient Teachings​ → lose weight if obese, oral hypoglycemic agents, maintain healthy weight,
s/s of hypoglycemia & hyperglycemia, self-monitoring of glucose, skin/foot care, importance of
exercise
○ “Sick Day” Rules → guidelines for managing diabetes when ill → aimed at preventing DKA
i. Take insulin or hypoglycemic agents as usual
ii. Test blood glucose & urine ketones every 3-4 hrs → report elevated levels to MD
iii. If you take insulin, you may need supplemental doses every 3-4 hours
○ Dawn Phenomena​ → early morning glucose levels are elevated caused by nocturnal release of
growth hormone
○ Somogyi Effect​ → fall in blood glucose during the night with ↑ morning glucose levels →
caused by
5. Thermal Injury​ (4 questions)
● First degree (Superficial partial-thickness)​→ epidermis affected (destroyed or injured);
painful, red, dry, min. or no edema
● Second degree (Deep partial-thickness) ​→ epidermis and part of dermis affected; painful,
red, exudes fluid, edema, blistered
● Third degree ​→ Total destruction of epidermis, entire dermis, and in some cases subcutaneous
tissue, muscle or bone; painless, varied color (white, red, black, brown or charred), dry, leathery,
edema, symptoms of shock, probable hematuria (RBC in urine) and hemolysis (break down of
RBC’s)
● First responder interventions​: ensure safety of yourself, extinguish flames, cool burn by briefly
applying cool water to burn and clothing covering burn, remove other clothing, cover wound to
prevent contamination, irrigate chemical burns, asses ABC’