OA Prep for Educational Psychology of Children & Adolescents, part 1.

Manslow suggested that we must first fulfill our basic needs before we can reach our maximum potential. He visually structured these in a pyramid shape in an ascending order of importance.
At the bottom of the pyramid are our Physiological Needs. What our bodies need to survive like Food, Water, Shelter and Clothing.

Next come Safety Needs. Physical Protection, Financial Safety, Law & Order anf Freedom from Fear.

Third tier is our Need of Love and Belonging. This includes Relationships, Love, Friendship, Trust, and a sense of community.

Fourth tier is Self-Esteem. Prestige, Respect from others and one's self and independence.

Lastly, at the top of the pyramid is Self-Actualization. The need to become everything we are capable of. Personal growth, fulfillment of one's maximum potential as a human.

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Stage 1: Infancy. Birth to 2 years.
Stage 2. Early Childhood. 2 to 6 years.
Stage 3: Middle Childhood. 6 to 10 years.
Stage 4: Adolescence. 10 to 18 years.

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(Birth to 1 year) Hold her head up, roll over, reach for things.
Sit, crawl, beginning to walk.
Can manipulate hands with her hands as she gains coordinatrion skills.
(1 to 2 years) Can feed herself with her hands, run, jump with two feet, throw a ball, zip her clothes, stack blocks.

Boys and girls develop in similar ways. Growth is fast.

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(2 to 4 years) Run, hop on one leg, tumble, play, starts to develop fine motor skills, can solve simple jigsaw puzzles.

(4 to 6 years) By age 4 can print her name, eat with utensils, dress/undress herself. Refines motor skills.

Physical development of height and weight is rapid during this stage.
Boys and girls develop in similar ways.

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(6 to 8 years) Begin playing organized sports. Draw more representative pictures. Has slow but steady weight and height gain.

(8 to 10 years) Fine motor skills are more refined and handwriting improves. Has improved speed and coordination and better control of her body.

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(10 to 18 years) Body development differentiates. Boys grow taller and more muscular. Girls' physical development slows down and they reach their maximum physical growth before boys because they enter puberty earlier.

Both genders reach sexual maturity by 14 years.

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Early to Middle Childhood: Refining of fine motor control, body coordination, motor planning, strength. They need more physical activity in the school environment to develop.

Late Middle Childhood and Adolescence: Further refinment of fine and gross motor skills. Improvement of flexibility and agility. Handwriting is better and can be cursive, drawing skills are greatly improved and pictures are easily identifiable. Are able to type on a keyboard. During that time, physical development has more to do with refining and perfecting existing skills than gaining new ones.

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All children move through 4 stages of cognitive development:
Birth to 2 years: Sensorimotor Stage. Infants and toddlers.
2 to 7 years: Pre-operational stage. Pre-schoolers and Kindergarteners.
7 to 11 years: Concrete Operational stage. Elementary age.
12 and up: Formal Operational stage. Middle and High schoolers.

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