Statistics week 1 - Descriptive questions: data

Which 2 domains are there?

Which variables are there?

What is an independent variable?

What is a dependent variable?

What is a predictor variable?

What is an outcome variable?

Most hypothesis can be expressed in terms of two variables, which?

True or not? Predictor variable is the same as a independent variable

True or not? Outcome variable is the same as dependent variable

There are many levels of measurement. Broadly speaking, variables can be categorical or continuous. What is a categorical variable?

There are many levels of measurement. Broadly speaking, variables can be categorical or continuous. What is a continuous variable?

A categorical variable is one that names distinct entities. What are forms of categorical variables?

What is a binary variable?

What is a nominal variable?

What is an ordinal variable?

What is a continuous variable?

What are forms of continuous variables?

What is an interval variable?

What is a ratio variable?

What is validity?

True or false? A continues variable can be measured to any level of precision, whereas a discrete variable can take on only certain values on the scale.

What is criterion validity?

What is concurrent validity?

What is predictive validity?

What is content validity?

Is validity necessary?

What is reliability?

In correlational or cross-sectional research we observe what naturally goes on in the world without directly interfering with it, whereas in experimental research we manipulate one variable to see the effects. What does this type of research provide?

What does correlational research NOT tell us?

How are variables measured in correlational research?

Limitation of correlational research is the tertium quid. What is the tertium quid?

What are confounding variables (confounds)?

What is longitudinal research?

What is due to Hume the cause of longitudinal research?

In experiments there are two ways to manipulate the independent variable, which?

What is systematic variation?

What is unsystematic variation?

What happens when you keep unsystematic variation as small as possible?

Why is randomization important?

Randomization can be used in two ways, which?

What are practice effects?

What are boredom effects?

By counterbalancing the order in which a person participates in a condition, we can ensure that they produce no systematic variation between our conditions. This is the independent design. What does that mean?

What is a frequency distribution (histogram)?

What is a normal distribution characterized by?

What does the bell shape curve imply?

How can a distribution deviate from normal?

What is lack of symmetry (skewness)?

When is a graph positively skewed?

When is a graph negatively skewed?

What is pointiness (kurtosis)?

What is positive kurtosis?

What is negative kurtosis?

In normal distribution, the values of skew and kurtosis are?

We can calculate where the centre of a frequency distribution lies (or central tendency). What are the three measures?

What is the mode?

What is the median?

What is the mean?

What is the range (or: spread/dispersion)?

What is a critic on the range?

How can you solve that problem?

What is the rule of thumb in the interquartile range?

What are quantiles?

What are percentiles?

What are noniles?

If we use the mean as measure of the centre of distribution, what can we calculate?

What is the deviance?

What is the total deviance?

How can you overcome a zero answer?

What are measures or spread of data around the mean?

How can you calculate the sum of squared errors? (SS)

What will the sum of squared errors tell?

What is a problem with using the sum of squared errors?

Why is the average dispersion (variance) a better measure then the sum of squared errors?

What is the formula of variance (S2) ?

What do you measure with the formula of variance?

What is a problem with the formula of variance?

What is the standard deviation (s)?

What is probability?

What are probability density functions (PDF)?

How can you draw such a funciton? (probability density funciton)

All different distributions are defined by an equation that enables us to?

To calculate the Z-score, what are the steps?

What will calculating the z-score make sure of?

When looking at the tabulated values, what is the smaller portion?

When looking at the tabulated values, what is the smaller portion?

What does the z-score tell us?

Conform APA. If you present three or fewer numbers?

Conform APA. If you need to present between four and twenty numbers?

Conform APA. If you need to present more than twenty numbers?

What does 'N' represent and what does 'n' represent?