2023 BIOS 251 TEST 2 A&P Study Guide
Ch. 1
Acids and bases
Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)
Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations (positive ions) and are proton acceptors.
pH scale
Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14
7 is neutral
Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1
Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14
Blood is just over 7
Ch. 2
Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic)
Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells.
Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape
Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze
Hypertonic solution = RBC crenate
Osmosis
Net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane
steepness of the concentration gradient
temperature
mass of diffusing substance
surface area
diffusion distance
Where DNA may be found in the cell
Nucleus
Sometimes in the mitochondria Where DNA replication occurs in the cell
Nucleus
Stages of the cell cycle and events at each stage
Interphase (longest phase)
G1
Cell is metabolically active, duplicating organelles, and cytosolic components except for DNA. 8-10 hours.
S
DNA replicated. 8 hours
G2. 4-6 hours.
Cell growth continues and the cell completes its preparation for cell division
Mitosis – nuclear division; distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set into each of two separate nuclei
o PMAT
Stages of mitosis and events at each stage
Prophase: chromatin condenses and shortens into chromosomes
Metaphase: centromeres line up at the exact center of mitotic spindle, aka metaphase plate or equatorial plane region
Anaphase: the splitting and separation of centromeres and the movement of the two sister chromatids of each pair toward opposite poles of the cell
Telophase: begins as soon as chromatid movement stops. Identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form, microtubules disappear or change form, a new nuclear envelope forms, new nucleoli appear, and the new mitotic spindle eventually breaks.
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