Health Psychology Part 2: Biopsychological Interactions

Dit is een overzichtelijke samenvatting van het vak 'Health Psychology Part 2: Biopsychological Interactions' met alle powerpoints en zeer uitgebreide notities van tijdens alle lessen. Het vak werd gegeven in de richting Psychologie aan KULeuven in het schooljaar 2019-2020.

Preview samenvatting (6 van de 210 pagina's)

BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL
INTERACTIONS
Health psychology II Michelle De Belser
2020-2021
INTRODUCTION
•
How do the mind and the body influence each other?
Biopsychological Interactions: “mechanisms”
•
Which psychological interventions can contribute to somatic health? How?
Preventive: Psychology of Prevention and Health Promotion
Curative: Psychologische thema's en behandelingen bij lichamelijk lijden
AIMS
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Thorough knowledge and insight into the basic processes of psychological stress. These imply:
Homeostatic regulation & the autonomic nervous system
Central integration of stress response
Inhibition of stress responses
Endocrine stress reactions
Psychoneuroimmunology
Genes, stress and behavior
Individual differences in stress reactivity
•
Knowledge of contemporary research topics regarding health effects of stress, with a special focus on the
(presumed) explaining mechanisms. Furthermore, students are able to relate these research topics with the
basic processes of psychological stress. The selected topics can change from year to year. Examples are:
psychological factors in the progression of cancer, chronic stress and the metabolic syndrome, influence of
prenatal stress from mother on child, psychoneuroimmunology and wound healing, medical unexplained
complaints, mental representation of pain, psychosocial factors in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and
respiratory disease.
•
Situating and critical y evaluating research on effects of stress on health
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Developing an attitude to consult also scientific literature outside the field of Psychology (e.g., general
scientific or medical journals) and to relate these to psychological literature and models.
•
Insight into the relevance of research findings for the setup or evaluation of clinical health psychology
interventions.
DISCIPLINES
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Psychology → Models on Behavior & Mental processes (learning, reasoning, perception)
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Neuroscience → How does the body function
•
Medicine → How does the brain function
OVERVIE W
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Psychophysiology of stress
Homeostatic regulation
Central integration of the psychological stress response
Endocrine stress responses
Psychoneuroimmunology
•
Biopsychological interactions relevant to Health
Biopsychosocial aspects of asthma
Emotional and cognitive modulation of pain
Biopsychosocial aspects of COPD
Positive Psychology
Gastrointestinal disorders
Biopsychosocial aspects of dyspnea
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
•
Organism’s ability to keep its internal environment stable, despite changes in the external environment
e.g., temperature,
blood pH
oxygen pressure
blood glucose
•
Central nervous system = Interface for interaction with
external environment
•
‘Stress’ = threat to homeostasis
Stressor
▪
Physical (e.g. cold)
▪
Psychological (e.g. anticipation of pain,
exam)
Compensatory stress response
▪
What the body is doing to get the
balance back
HOMEOSTASIS
FEEDBACK C ONTROL
•
Temperature,
•
Blood pressure,
•
Blood pH levels (CO²)
TEMPERATURE
•
37° is normal
•
Temperature high →nervous system signals: blood vessels dilate & sweat glands secrete→temperature drop
•
Temperature low → blood vessels constrict & sweat glands stop → heat is conserved → temperature raise
BLOOD PRESSURE
Baroreceptor detect changes in blood
(arterial) pressure. The
glossopharyngeal nerve sends
impulses to medulla oblongata →
impulses that adjust heart rate
(check video on ppt if not clear)
BLOOD PH LEVELS / ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE PRESSURE (PACO²)
Increased blood pH levels (because of CO² drop; while hyperventilation for example) → decreased stimulation of
respiratory center in brain → respiratory muscles are stimulated less → reduction in ventilation (less fast / deep) →
increase of CO² and decrease of blood pH levels
Decreased blood pH levels (because of high CO²; for example while breathing into bag; feeling dizzy) → central and
peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated → increased stimulation of respiratory center → breathing muscles work
harder to breath out the CO²; increase of blood pH levels
FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
•
Perturbations are being anticipated & corrected before they occur
•
Classical conditioning as a viable mechanism
e.g., “Exercise Hyperpnea”: breath (pnea) more (hyper) → increases in ventilating (breathing) and
heart rate; that occurs even before exercise has happened. Body prepares us before exercising
Increases in ventilation and heart rate occur at the onset of physical exercise, even before an
increase in PaCO2
HIERARC HY OF HOME OSTATIC CONTROLS
•
Organ level, endocrine, hypothalamus
•
Autonomic nervous system: heart rate, heart rate variability
Higher level of complexity; low is ‘simple’, high is more complicated
ORGAN LEVE L: INTRINSIC C ONTROL MECHANISMS
•
Organ adapts its functioning on its own in response to slow, local changes
•
Example: Frank Starling Mechanism
If returning (venous) blood volume increases then
atrium chambers fil more before each beat
more effective fil ing of ventricles creates more wall
stretch → more muscle fiber tension
more vigorous contraction on that beat (due to a local
response of the heart)
left ventricle empties more completely → more
effective blood flow into a orta
➔ Heart responses to flow demands caused by systemic
circulation
➔ Only possible when conditions are relatively stable
~ balloon: blow a little bit, not a lot of tension; but blow hard, lot of
tension, and when you let it go there’s a lot of power and it flies away
When sitting, the Frank Starling Mechanism is fine; when you stand up, it’s not enough anymore because al the
blood would go to the legs. So during big changes of condition: need additional layers of homeostatic control: ANS
AUTONOM IC NERVOUS SYSTEM ( ANS)
= brainstem controls + autonomic messages
•
Viscera (inner organs): limited awareness & voluntary control → ‘AUTONOMIC’
•
Negative feedback
•
ANS
Sensory pathways (afferent; ascending)
Motor pathways (efferent; descending)
Divisions: sympathetic (SNS), parasympathetic (PNS), (enteric)
▪
Reciprocal regulation of organic function (one is more; other less)
▪
Sympathetic increased HR, narrow vessels, dilation of pupils…
▪
Parasympathetic: decrease HR, wide vessels, constriction pupil…
Sympathetic ANS: pre-ganglionic fibers leave the cord from lumbar or thoracic components. Move to sympathetic
ganglia (connected; “chain”). Postganglionic fibers go to the organs. A lot of different organs nervated by same pre-
ganglionic fibers. Parasympathetic ANS: cranial and sacral nerves; leaves spine, travels a long way to their ganglia
(long pre-ganglionic), they are close to the organs. Each division has: sensory pathways from organs via ganglia to brainstem (afferent) + 4 response components:
•
(a) descending autonomic and pre-ganglionic fibers
(hypothalamus/brainstem -> intermediolateral cel column of spinal cord
•
(b) ganglion
(relay station for as-/descending signals, also part of local regulation system/reflexes)
•
(c) postganglionic fibers
(messages more elaborated (& fine-tuned) than in preganglionic fibers)
•
(d) neuroeffector junctions
(postganglionic fiber/receptor at target tissue, nerve impulse translated → motor action)