Question:
Assignment 1 – 842160
In 2014, the African Union (AU) heads of states and governments adopted the
Malabo Protocol which sought to strengthen African’s international criminal justice
system and aid in the fight against impunity. There is ongoing debate regarding the
manner in which the AU approached the punishment of atrocity crimes on the
continent. Some scholars have argued that Article 46Abis only serves to promote
impunity, and flies in the face of established norms in international law. The AU has
for the most part resorted to the Arrest Warrant case and general international
customary law to justify its stand point.
In a thoroughly researched essay, critically discuss whether the AU’s
argument holds water in international law; and whether this immunity clause
can be legally justified.
Essay Research & Answers:
There are two types of immunity from jurisdiction in relation to state officials. Under
international law, representatives of foreign states may be beneficiaries of personal
immunity or functional immunity, or both. Personal immunity (immunity ratione
personae or diplomatic immunity) ‘provides complete immunity of the person of
certain officeholders while they carry out important representative functions’.
Personal immunity is absolute, covering both private and public acts committed by
officials (even those committed prior to their taking office), but temporary – that is, it
only applies in so far as the person holds the office in question.
This form of immunity is provided for under both customary international law, as well
as various treaties but chiefly the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
In terms of the Arrest Warrant 1 decision, these immunities also extend to ‘certain
holders of high-ranking office in a State, such as the Head of State, Head of
Government and Minister for Foreign Affairs’.2
In addition to this, various treaties extend similar immunities to representatives of
international organisations.
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