LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT: A Psychological Perspective TEST BANK LATEST 2024/2025

critical period - ANSWER--a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.

sensitive period - ANSWER--a time or stage in a person's development when they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills.

cohort - ANSWER--refers to people who are approximately the same age.

experiment - ANSWER--A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

cross-sectional study - ANSWER--a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

longitudinal study - ANSWER--research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

cross-sequential research - ANSWER--a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over the years
seperation anxiety - ANSWER--the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

stranger wariness - ANSWER--An infant's expression of concern—a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear—when a stranger appears.

temperament - ANSWER--a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

synchrony - ANSWER--a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

attachment theory - ANSWER--the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

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Carrier - ANSWER--A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.

Periods from Zygote to Newborn - ANSWER--Gamete, Zygote, Blastocyst, embryo, fetus, baby

Teratogen - ANSWER--agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
5 steps of scientific method - ANSWER--identify problem, collect data, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis, evaluate results

Qualitiative Research - ANSWER--Research that is based on unmeasurable qualitities, such as teacher observation and examination of case studies.

Quantitative Research - ANSWER--research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

Nature vs. Nurture - ANSWER--name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER--A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

Lev Vygotsky - ANSWER--child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

Behaviorism - ANSWER--the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Conditioning - ANSWER--the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

classical conditioning - ANSWER--a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (Ivan Pavlov)

operant conditioning - ANSWER--a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Stages of Erikson's Theory - ANSWER--trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
integrity vs despair

social learning theory - ANSWER--the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Stages of Piaget's Theory - ANSWER--sensorimotor(birth to 18-24 months), preoperational(2-7 yrs), concrete operational(7-11), formal operational(adolescence to adulthood)

Equilibrium - ANSWER--When a child's existing schemas are capable of explaining what it can perceive around it

Assimilation - ANSWER--interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

accommodation - ANSWER--adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Disequilibrium - ANSWER--imbalance between what is understood and what is encountered

Adaptation - ANSWER--functional, cognitive or behavioral trait that benefits an organism in its environment