ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST 2024 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (ALREADY GRADED A+)

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
NEWEST 2024 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (ALREADY GRADED A+)
pathologic atrophy - ANSWER-occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, and nervous stimulation
hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in the size of the cells that
increase the size of the affected organ. Heart and kidneys
(responsive to enlargement) and skeletal muscle.
physiologic hypertrophy - ANSWER-occurs with increased
demand, stimulation of hormones, and growth factors. Ex.
Pregnancy causes hormone induced hypertrophy of the uterus, in
skeletal muscle occurs as a response to heavy workload.
pathologic hypertrophy - ANSWER-results from chronic
hemodynamic overload. Ex. Hypertension or heart valve
dysfunction. Hypertrophic cells have increased accumulation of ER,
plasma membrane, myofilaments, mitochondria (not cellular fluid).
Nucleus is also hypertrophic with increased DNA synthesis.
Triggers for cardiac hypertrophy include mechanical signals
(stretch) and trophic signals (growth factors and vasoactive
agents).
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-increase in number of cells in an
organ/tissue as a response to injury that results from an increased
rate of cellular division
compensatory Physiologic hyperplasia - ANSWER-is an adaptive
mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. Occurs in
skin, intestines, hepatocytes, bone marrow, and fibroblasts. Ex. Is
when skin gets callus in response to mechanical stimulus.
Hormonal physiologic hyperplasia - ANSWER-Hormonal occurs
mainly from estrogen dependent organs such as uterus and
breasts.Ex- after ovulation estrogen stimulates endometrium to
grow/thicken for fertilized ovum.
Pathologic hyperplasia - ANSWER-he abnormal proliferation of
normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal
stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target cells. These
cells have enlargement of the nucleus, clumping of chromatin
(package and protect DNA), and the presence of one or more large
nucleoli. Ex. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and
endometriosis-both the result of hormonal imbalance.
Metaplasia - ANSWER-reversible replacement of one mature cell
type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another, sometimes less
differentiated, cell type.
Cause of metaplasia - ANSWER-develops from reprogramming of
stem cells. Found in association with tissue damage, repair, and
regeneration.
pathophysiology of metaplasia - ANSWER-Adaptive replacement
cell may be more suitable to the changed conditions in the
surrounding environment. Ex. GERD damages squamous
epithelium of the esophagus, cells are replaced by glandular
epithelium which may tolerate the acid better. Not always
beneficial. Ex. Smoking causes changes in bronchi cells, which
don't have cilia or secrete mucus, causing loss of protective
mechanism.
What is the significance of metaplasia - ANSWER-Can be reversed
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if stimulus is removed. If continues, can cause malignant
transformation.
Dysplasia - ANSWER-abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells. mostly found in epithelia