2024 TEST 3-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUMMER 2023 UTA 5315 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE

2024 TEST 3-ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUMMER
2023 UTA 5315 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Mitral Valve Stenosis - ANSWER-- Characterized by
NARROWING of mitral valve
- Normal is 4-6 cm
-Narrowed is less than 2.5 cm
- Caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER
-More common in WOMEN
-Oxygenated blood comes back into heart into the
left atrium and down through the mitral valve to the
left ventricle
- Complex: Stenosis leads to volume/pressure in left
atrium, which results in atrial hypertrophy/dilation,
which increases pressure/volume in the pulmonary
circulation & causes PULMONARY EDEMA
- Simplified: Skinny mitral valve doesn't let blood
pass through easily, so blood backs up into the left
atrium and causes it to swell, then backs up into the
lung and causes resp. symptoms
-S/sx: dyspnea, hemoptysis, a-fib, dysphagia,
pulmonary hypertension
Mitral Valve Regurgitation - ANSWER--Characterized
by INCOMPLETE CLOSURE of mitral valve
-Caused by MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (flaps don't
close together properly, leaving valve ajar); more
common in WOMEN; STICKING CHEST PAIN
-Blood in left ventricle backs up to left ventricle
during systole (mitral valve should be closed during
systole/contraction of heart)
-Leads to atrial dilation/hypertrophy, increased
pulmonary vascular pressure/volume, PULMONARY
EDEMA
-S/sx: Dyspnea, rales, pansystolic murmur, S3 & S4
heart sounds
Aortic Valve Stenosis - ANSWER--Most common
valvular disease
-Most common causes are aortic valve
CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60;
congenital aortic valve stenosis in people less than
30
-Normal valve 3 cm; symptoms seen when valve less
than 1 cm; severe when valve is less than 0.5 cm
-Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle
to aorta. This backs up blood to the left atrium and
ultimately floods the lung causing PULMONARY
EDEMA
S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of
aorta to body (aorta sends out oxygenated blood to
body), causing fainting or chest pain
Simplified: Aorta is stiff and can't send out
oxygenated blood properly to the body, depriving
tissues of oxygen. Blood gets backed up into lungs,
causing pulmonary edema.
Aortic Valve Regurgitation - ANSWER--Valve is TOO
WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't pass through
effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left
ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole,
heart contracts and pushes blood up the aorta, but
on diastole, heart relaxes and ineffective aortic
valve is not able to hold blood up in aorta, so blood
falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur)
-Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT
DILATION(starting point of aorta is too wide)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic
fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation (congenital
narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear),
ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory arthritis)
-Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic
pressure (LVEDP) (increased blood back down in the
left ventricle increases pressure), decreased stroke
volume (not much blood is being pushed from left
ventricle because blood's backed up and
overwhelming left ventricle), normal or decreased
pulse pressure, decreased cardiac output (aorta is
not effectively pumping blood from heart)