ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4
LATEST 2024 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (ALREADY GRADED A+)
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - ANSWER-
____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common
underlying risk factors for development of pyelonephritis.
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas - ANSWER-What are the three
most common microorganisms associated with acute
pyelonephritis?
alkaline - ANSWER-Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale
increases the risk of stone formation.
ammonia - ANSWER-Microorganisms split urea into ____, which
makes the urine more alkaline and therefore increases risk of
stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - ANSWER-Painful bladder syndrome, also
termed ______, is a condition that includes nonbacterial infectious
cystitis and noninfectious cystitis
20-25% - ANSWER-Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac
output.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone - ANSWER-Reduced perfusion of a
kidney activates the _____ system, which causes constriction of
peripheral arterioles.
2 | P a g e
calcium oxalate - ANSWER-most common type of kidney stone
referred pain - ANSWER-Passage of kidney stones can be
extremely painful and may produce ______ to the umbilicus area.
umbilicus - ANSWER-Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in
the ______ area.
10th - ANSWER-Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter
arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root.
urinary tract infection - ANSWER-Common clinical manifestations
of a ________ in older adults include confusion and poorly
localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - ANSWER-infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
.
autoimmune - ANSWER-The exact cause of painful bladder
syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is unknown, but a(n
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