ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 LATEST 2024 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (ALREADY GRADED A+)

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
LATEST 2024 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (ALREADY GRADED A+)
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an
inflamed site? a. Complement b. Coagulation c. Kinin d.
Fibrinolysis - ANSWER-B. The coagulation (clotting) system is
a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at
an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents
the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps
microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of
inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g.,
neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the
bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair and
healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic
microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade b. Coagulation system c. Kinin system d.
Immune system - ANSWER-A. C3b (a component of the
complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins
are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by
cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and
macrophages.
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion b. Initiation of the clotting cascade c.
Vasodilation d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness - ANSWERC. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes
vasodilation.
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What is an outcome of the complement cascade? a. Activation of
the clotting cascade b. Prevention of the spread of infection to
adjacent tissues c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as
histamine d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes - ANSWER-D. The
complement cascade can be activated by at least three
different means, and its products have four functions: (1)
anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation,
(2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens b. To lyse cell
membranes of microorganisms c. To prevent infection of the
injured tissue d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue
injury - ANSWER-C. If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a
highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is
mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against
infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The
response to a specific offending agent is the function of the
adaptive immune response. Lysosomes lyse cell
membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury
occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory
process? a. Vasodilation of blood vessels b. Increased capillary
permeability c. Endothelial cell expansion d. Emigration of
neutrophils - ANSWER-B. The increased flow and capillary
permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels,
causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is
solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
Vasodilation (increased size of the blood vessels) causes
slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured
site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to
increased capillary permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to
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the area of infection/injury leads to increased destruction of
the offending agent.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement
cascade? a. To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by
neutrophils and macrophages b. To process pathogenic
microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for
acquired immunity c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of
pathogenic microorganisms d. To promote anaphylatoxic activity,
resulting in mast cell degranulation - ANSWER-A. Opsonins are
molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells
of the inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily
neutrophils and macrophages.