2023 AQA A-level PHYSICS 7408/1 Paper
1 Question Paper & Mark scheme
(Merged) June 2023 [VERIFIED]
internal energy (thermal energy) - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-energy of the atoms and molecules
of an object due to their movement and position (sum of random distribution of
KE and PE of molecules)
internal energy can change as a result of (2 things) - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-- energy transfer
through heating (due to temperature difference)
- work done on object (including by electricity)
1st law of thermodynamics - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-change of internal energy = total energy
transfer due to work done and heating
molecules in a solid - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-electrical forces hold atoms together, vibrate
randomly about fixed positions
energy supplied to raise temperature of solid - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-increases KE of
molecules
energy supplied to melt solid - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-raises PE of molecules since break
free
molecules in a liquid - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-molecules in contact, move randomly, forces
too weak for fixed positions
energy supplied to raise temperature of liquid - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-increases average KE
of molecules
energy supplied to vaporise liquid - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-enough KE to break free by doing
work, raising PE
molecules in a gas - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-molecules move randomly, far apart
energy supplied to raise temperature of gas - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-increases KE
thermal equilibrium - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-when two objects are the same temperature, so
no overall heat transfer takes place
Celsius scale - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-measured in °C, defined in terms of freezing (0) and
boiling (100) point of water
absolute scale - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-measured in °K, starting at absolute zero
temperature in °K = - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-temperature in °C + 273.15
minimum internal energy when - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-object is at absolute zero
specific heat capacity - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-energy needed to raise 1kg of a material by
1°K
unit of specific heat capacity - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-J kg^-1 K^-1
heat capacity - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-energy needed to raise an object by 1°K
ΔQ = - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-mcΔT
measuring c of a liquid method - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-heat a known mass of liquid in a
known mass and shc calorimeter for a measured time, and record values for V, I
and ΔT
measuring c of a liquid formula - ✔✔✔✔✔✔-IVt (electrical energy supplied) =
m(1)c(1)ΔT + m(cal)c(cal
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