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AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2024

AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2024
What is the cellular and humoral response? - ANSWER-Cellular = The T-cells and
other immune system cells that they interact with e.g phagocytes , form the
cellular response
Humoral - B cells and the production of antibodies form the humoral response.
Explain what is meant by a primary response. - ANSWER-The primary response
is slow because there aren't many B-cells that can make the antibody needed to
bind to it.
The infected person will show symptoms of the disease while the body produces
enough of the right antibody to overcome the infection.
T-cells and B-cells produce memory cells. Memory T-cells remember the
specific antigen and will recognise it second time round. Memory B-cells record
the specific antibodies needed to bind the antigen.
The body is now immune.
Explain what is meant by the secondary response. - ANSWER-If the same
pathogen enters the body again, the immune system will produce a quicker,
stronger immune response.
What are the three ways a pathogen can damage hosts cells? - ANSWER-1)
rupturing them to release nutrients inside them
2) breaking down nutrients inside the cell for their own use. This starves and
eventually kills the cell.
3) replicating inside the cells and bursting them when they're released
What are the two ways pathogens cause disease? - ANSWER-1) production of
toxins
2) cell damage
What are the lifestyle factors that can affect your chances of getting cancer? -
ANSWER-1) smoking
2) excessive exposure to sunlight
3) excessive alcohol intake
What are the three surfaces of contact- where pathogens enter our body? and
how do they get in? - ANSWER-1) gas-exchange system = if you breathe in air
that contains pathogens, most of them will be trapped in mucus lining the lung
epithelium. Some pathogens are able to reach the alveoli where they can invade
cells and cause damage.
2) Skin = if you damage your skin, pathogens on the surface can enter your
bloodstream. blood clots prevent pathogens from entering.
3) Digestive system = if you eat or drink food that contains pathogens. Some will
survive from the acidic conditions of the stomach, and invade cells of the gut
wall and cause disease.

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Specificaties

Niveau: University
School: Chamberlain College Of Nursing
Opleiding: NURSING
Document
Rubriek: Tentamens
Gemaakt op: 08-06-2024
Type: .pdf
Pagina's: 8
Taal: English

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