Question 1
Which of the following statements best describe efficacy?
• It is an estimate of the benefit of treatment under ideal conditions
• It is an estimate of the benefit of treatment under routine conditions
•
•
It is an estimate of the reduction of disease in treated groups
It is an estimate of the reduction of disease in the population
• It depends on the prevalence of disease
study is conducted for a pharmaceutical agent that has shown promise for reducing
heart disease among women. In order to more fully test the agent, an additional study is
done restricting the participants to be randomized to those who have a history of
hypertension. Which of the following advantages cannot be claimed by the researchers?
• Power of the study is increased
• Potential benefits in high-risk populations are increased
• Validity of the study is increased by focus on a homogenous population
• The generalizability of the study is increased
• The overall cost of the study is decreased
Restricting the study to a high-risk group will only fail to increase the
generalizability of the findings since the study results will apply only to a more
specific group of women who share a history of hypertension.
Question 3
A new drug treatment for cardiac thrombus claims to have a higher success rate than
the current drug. A strong sign of the potential success is the lack of internal
hemorrhaging starting 2 days after treatment. 168 patients who require treatment for
cardiac thrombi are randomized after agreeing to participate in a trial of the new drug.
The researchers were interested in whether the new drug reduced the need for blood
transfusions due to internal hemorrhage compared to the current treatment. The
following table summarizes the results of her study:
What is the incidence of needing a blood transfusion in the group of persons who were
randomized to the new drug treatment?
• 31.0%
• 41.1%
Incidence is the development of the outcome under investigation among those
at risk. In this instance, 43 participants “developed” the need for a blood
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