MMBio 221 Final Exam Study Questions and Answers Graded A 2024

Virulence: mycolic acid in cell wall causes slow growth, protection from lysis once
bacteria are phagocytized, capacity for intracellular growth, resistance to Gramstaining, detergents, many antimicrobial drugs, and dessication - Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
Unique properties: grows very slowly, can live within macrophages, tuberculin skin
test--positive when red swelling appears, BCG vaccine is used in countries w/ lots of
TB cases, effective on 80% of children and 20-50% of adults, cord factor that cause
disease - Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Diseases: primary TB: initial infection, secondary TB: reactivation of TB after lying
dormant for a period of time, disseminated TB: results when infection spreads
throughout the body - Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Virulence: same as tuberculosis (mycobacterium) - Leprae
unique properties: cannot be cultivated in cell free medium- cultured in footpads of
mice and bellies of 9-banded armadillos; transmission via person to person contact
or through break in skin; some protection provided by BCG vaccine; treated with
dapsone and rifampin as well as clofazimine - Leprae
DISEASES- 1. Tuberculoid Leprosy: high cell mediated response and low antibody,
nonprogressive disease characterized by loss of sensation in skin regions, shallow
skin lesions and only occasional mutilation of body. 2. Lepromatous Leprosy: low
cell-mediated response and high antibody, produces gradual tissue destruction
resulting in loss of facial features, digits, and other body parts, numerous deep skin
lesions and nodules appear, common to have mutilated extremities - Leprae
VIRULENCE- has mycolic acid since it's a mycobacterium (see tuberculosis),
produces mycolactone: polyketide toxin that destroys subcutaneous tissue (top skin
later dies and sloughs off), powerful immune suppressing agent - Ulcerans
UNIQUE PROPERTIES- 1. associated with slow moving water, 2. enters skin through
abrasions, 3. grows extracellularly, 4. no proven therapy so ulcer is excised and skin
grafts are used - Ulcerans
DISEASES- 1. Beruli Ulcer (see above for symptoms/treatment) - Ulcerans
UNIQUE PROPERTIES- 1. small, Gram-positive rods found on skin, 2. opportunistic
pathogen, 3. treated w/ antimicrobial drugs, 4. most common species involved in
human infections - Propionibacterium acnes
DISEASES- acne: bacteria infect a hair follicle, causing accumulation of colonizing
bac, and sebum - Propionibacterium acnes
3 types of antigens that are used to serotype enteric bacteria - Antigen O -
polysaccharide
Antigen K - protein and polysaccharide capsular antigens
Antigen H - flagellar proteins
rapidly ferment lactose
part of general microbiota
may be opportunistic pathogens - Coliform
DISEASES - Brucellosis - transmitted to humans in unpasteurized contaminated milk
or contact
with animal blood, urine, placentas. Humans: causes fluctuating fever (AKA
undulant
fever, bang's fever, malta fever, rock fever of Gibraltar, fever of Crete) - chills,
sweating, headache, weight loss. Animals: STDs and abortive disease due to
viscerotropism for reproductive organs. generally asymptomatic or mild, but can
cause sterility & abortion. - Brucella melitensis
VIRULENCE - attaches to ciliated epithelial cells through 2 adhesions (filamentous
hemagglutinin and perussis toxin)
produces 4 toxins: pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, dermonecrotic toxin,
tracheal cytotoxin - Bordetella pertussis