HESI EXIST ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022 COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2023-2024 LAT

HESI EXIST ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022 COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2023-2024 LAT





















A 5th grade elementary student asks the school nurse how much blood is in an entire body. The nurse should respond that the average grown-up adult has

A) 2 to 4 cups of blood in his or her body.
B) 3 pints of blood in total.
C) 3 to 4 quarts of blood in his or her body.
D) 5 to 6 L of blood throughout his or her body. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: D
Feedback:
The total volume of blood in the average adult is about 5 to 6 L, and it circulatesthroughout the body within the confines of the circulatory system.

A hospital laboratory technician is performing routine blood analysis as part of an inpatient's assessment and is examining the sample in a test tube following processing in a centrifuge and the addition of an anticoagulant. Which of the following observations would the technician most likely interpret as an anomaly?

A) The bottom layer of blood in the tube accounts for around one third of the total volume.
B) The middle layer of cells appears white to gray in color.
C) The top layer of cells is too thin to visualize without microscopy.
D) The yellowish fluid on the top of the sample appears to constitute around one half of the total volume - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: A
Feedback:
The body layer of cells in a centrifuged blood sample consists of erythrocytes and should constitute around 42% to 47% of the total blood volume. The middle cell layer of leukocytes should appear whitish gray, and the thrombocytes above that layer are frequently not discernable. The plasma layer should account for around 55% of the total blood volume.

During science class, a student asks, "What's the difference between plasma and serum in the blood?" The nurse responds that the primary difference between plasma and serum is that plasma contains

A) fibrinogen.
B) heparin.
C) white blood cells.
D) hydrogen ions. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: A
Feedback:
The major difference between plasma and serum is the presence of fibrinogen in the plasma from an anticoagulated centrifuged whole-blood specimen. When blood is removed from the body for testing, it clots within 30 to 60 minutes. The clot contains the blood's cellular components enmeshed in an insoluble fibrin network (formed by the polymerization of soluble plasma protein fibrinogen). The remaining fluid portion is the yellow liquid serum. This serum no longer contains fibrinogen because the fibrinogen originally present in uncoagulated blood was used up in the formation of the blood clot. Heparin, WBC, and hydrogen ions are incorrect.

A student makes the statement to a colleague, "Blood plasma is essentially just a carrier for the formed elements like red blood cells and white blood cells." What would be the most accurate response to this statement?

A) "That's not really true. Plasma is crucial in the immune and inflammatory responses."
B) "Actually, plasma plays a significant role in nutrient and waste transport."
C) "Not really. Plasma also contributes to the processes of protein synthesis and hematopoiesis."
D) "Actually, plasma is integral to the proper function of the liver and maintenance of acid-base balance." - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: B
Feedback:
Plasma proteins are integral to transport. They are not noted to contribute to the inflammatory response, hematopoiesis, protein synthesis, or liver function

The blood work of a 44-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of liver disease secondary to alcohol abuse indicates low levels of albumin. Which of the following phenomena would a clinician be most justified in anticipating?

A) Impaired immune function
B) Acid-base imbalances
C) Impaired thermoregulation
D) Fluid imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: D
Feedback:
Albumin plays a central role in the maintenance of osmotic pressure and fluid balance. Immune function, acid-base balance, and thermoregulation are not functions of albumin.

A nurse practitioner is providing care for a client with low levels of the plasma protein gamma globulin. The nurse would recognize that the client is at risk of developing which of the following health problems?

A) Jaundice
B) Anemia
C) Infections
D) Blood clots - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: C
Feedback:
The gamma globulins, antibodies of the immune system, protect against infectious diseases. Because alpha globulin transports bilirubin, a defect in this plasma protein might lead to jaundice; a defect of beta globulin, which transports iron, could be associated with anemia; and a defect of fibrinogen could result in blood clots.

Which of the following statements best conveys a characteristic of red blood cells?

A) They lack organelles and soluble enzymes.
B) They contribute to the maintenance of blood pH.
C) They help maintain the body's fluid balance.
D) They are self-replicating. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: B
Feedback:
Erythrocytes contribute to acid-base balance through the production of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. They contain soluble enzymes but are neither self-replicating nor involved in fluid balanc

When looking at a granulocyte under a microscope, the anatomy student would describe it as a cell

A) lacking granules.
B) having a kidney-shaped nucleus.
C) having no nuclei.
D) shaped like a sphere with multilobar nuclei. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: D
Feedback:
Granulocytes are spherical and have distinctive multilobar nuclei. They are all phagocytic cells that are identifiable because of their cytoplasmic granules. Answers A, B, and C are incorrect. Agranulocytes lack granular cytoplasm. Monocytes have a large amount of cytoplasm and a nucleus in the shape of a kidney. Erythrocytes lack a cell nucleus.

Following an injury resulting in a small cut from a knife, the first cells to go to the area of the cut would be the

A) neutrophils.
B) erythrocytes.
C) albumin.
D) basophils - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: A
Feedback:
Neutrophils are very mobile and are the first cells to go to an area of tissue damage. Erythrocytes (RBCs) contain an O2-carrying protein that functions in the transport of oxygen. Albumin, a plasma protein, does not pass through the pores in the capillary wall to enter the interstitial fluid and therefore contributes to the plasma osmotic pressure and maintenance of blood volume. Basophil granules contain heparin, an anticoagulant; histamine, a vasodilator; and other mediators of inflammation.

A 29-year-old construction worker got a sliver under his fingernail 4 days ago. The affected finger is now reddened, painful, swollen, and warm to touch. Which of the following hematological processes is most likely occurring in the bone marrow in response to the infection?

A) Proliferation of immature neutrophils
B) High circulatory levels of myeloblasts
C) Increased segmented neutrophil production
D) Phagocytosis by myelocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Ans: A
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