NURSING RESEARCH METHODS AND CRITICAL APPRAISAL FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE 9TH EDITION TEST BANK BY GERI

NURSING RESEARCH METHODS AND CRITICAL APPRAISAL FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE 9TH EDITION TEST BANK BY GERI

Ch. 1 Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action Pg. 3-11 Nursing Images throughout history
The naughty nurse- the sexy nurse image arose in the 20th century with burlesque shows.

The Military Image – nurses are portrayed in uniform providing support at the battlefield

Hospitalers- specialized soldiers during the crusade who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured

The Angel of Mercy- is serene and content, is usually shown with a halo or other religious symbol. Until 100 years ago, nurses cared for patients at great risks to themselves. Even as recently as the 1950’s, antibiotics were not readily available, and the chief cause of mortality was infectious disease.
-History demonstrates a strong link between nursing and religious orders.
- The values of service and devotion to the patient faded along with the influence of Christianity during the 14th to the 16th centuries (renaissance)
The Handmaiden- This stereotype portrays the male physician as the dominant role, this perception of nursing has changed with nurses doing more collaboration, planning and providing care not only the direction of the physicians but also along with them.
- Although the handmaiden image was more widespread in the past, even then not all nurses considered themselves to be subservient to physicians

The Battle-Ax- the nurse at the “torturer”, treating her patients with cruelty and disdain. Care giving activities contribute to the persistence of the battle-ax image- drawing blood, giving injections….


Describe the role of religion in the development of nursing.
In Eygpt, ancient Greece and Rome, temples were health centers as well as places of worship. Nurses started off in monasteries but moved to hospitals due to persecution. Ancient writings describe nursing responsibilities/attributes to include: knowledge of the preparation, compounding, and administration of drugs, wisdom, purity and devotion to the patient.
The association of nursing with religion has not always been positive

During the 15th and 19th centuries, the influence of Christianity began to wane and many nurses with religious orders fled to avoid imprisonment and death. There was a shift in medicine that moved practitioners from monasteries to universities.

-Many nursing programs are still affiliated with religious groups.
Identify the factors that led to the change of nursing from a vocation of men and women to a predominantly female profession

WAR

Define nursing in your own words.

Nurses assist the individual sick or well in activities that contribute to health or it’s recovery, or a peaceful death.

The international council of nurses definition: pg 11.
“ Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick and well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promoting of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.”

Florence Nightingales contributions to nursing:
The establishment of nursing as a distinct profession Introduction of a broad-based liberal education for nurses Major reform in the delivery of care in hospitals
The introduction of standards to control the spread of disease of hospitals ( epidemiology), decrease of nosocomial infections
Major reforms in healthcare for the military

Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster-
Founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants, this is considered the start of public health nursing in the U.S.
White Women- About 82% of RN’s are white, 6% are male. Major nursing organizations agree that we need a more diversified nursing force.

Examples of nursing activities Dependent activities

-Administering prescribed medication

-Assisting with a diagnostic test
- Administering IV fluids
-Ensuring that the patient received the prescribed diet
Independent Activities
-Evaluating the patient’s response to medication and withholding the next dose if the patient has a negative reaction

-Teaching the patient what to expect from the diagnostic test , preparing the patient for the test.
-Evaluating the patient’s response to treatment, monitoring the flow rate

-Teaching a pregnant woman about additional nutrients needed in her diet.

Full- spectrum nurse:
Nurses use clinical judgement, critical thinking, and problem solving as they care for patients.
Clinical Judgment- involved observing, comparing, contrasting and evaluating the client’s condition to determine where change has occurred.

Critical thinking- is a reflective thinking process that involved collecting information, analyzing the adequacy and accuracy of the information.
Problem solving- is a process by which nurses consider an issue and attempt to find a satisfactory solution to achieve the best outcomes.

Learning outcomes… Pgs 12-24
Differentiate among the various forms of education

Practical and Vocational Nursing Education
• Known as LVNs or LPNs
• May attend one of approximately 1200 approved programs given at technical or community college
• Usually lasts a year in both classroom and clinical teaching
• After completing education program must pass NCLEX-PN exam

Registered Nursing entry education
• 5 educational pathways lead to an RN
• All must complete NCLEX-RN

o Diploma programs
▪ Last 3 years focuses in clinical experiences
o Associate degree programs
▪ Offered in community college
▪ Account for 53% of RN programs in the U.S.
o Baccalaureate degree programs
▪ Lasts at least 8 semesters
▪ About 42% of nursing programs
o Master’s entry programs
▪ Usually has another baccalaureate degree in another field
▪ Programs are usually 3 years of full time study
▪ After education completion you are eligible to take licensing exam and receive master’s degree in nursing
o Doctoral entry
▪ Very limited enrollment

Graduate Nursing Education
▪ Master’s degree program
o Prepares RNs to function in a more independent role
o Program usually lasts 2 or years or longer at the university level
▪ Doctoral programs
o Typically student has Baccalaureate and a Masters degree
o Prepares for advanced clinical practice
How Is Nursing Practice Regulated?
▪ Each state enacts its own nurse practice act
▪ Must be licensed as a nurse
▪ States require graduation from an approved nursing program
▪ Nursing is also guided by a standards of practice
o Provide a means by which a profession clearly describes the focus of its activities, the receipts of service, and the responsibilities for which its practioner are accountable
Give four examples of influential nursing organizations
▪ American and Canadian Nurses Associations
o Originally focused on establishing standards or nursing
o They track health-care legislation, serve as liaisons with national government representatives
▪ National League for Nursing
o First to establish and maintain a universal standard of education
o Sets standards for all types of nursing education programs and evaluate the programs