Comprehensive Anatomy & Physiology: A Question and Answer Guide Part I

Given these organs and cavity combinations
i. Heart and pericardial cavity
ii. Stomach and peritoneal cavity
iii. Lungs and pleural cavity
iv. Kidney and peritoneal cavity
Which of these organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds it?
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 2,3,4

The heart is made up of the following layers of tissues except
A. The outer pericardium
B. The middle myocardium
C. The inner epicardium
D. The inner endocardium

………………… is the sequence of events that occur in one complete beat of the heart
A. Cardiac output
B. Blood pressure
C. Cardiac cycle
D. Cardiac tamponade

The following are the functions of the endocrine system except
A. Growth and development
B. Heart rate
C. Body pressure
D. Appetite

Which of these will be expected in cushing syndrome?
A. Low blood glucose
B. All of the above
C. Deposition of fat in the face, neck and abdomen
D. Low blood pressure

………………… is also known as the little brain
A. Pons
B. Hypothalamus
C. Cerebellum
D. Medulla oblongata

Oxytocin is responsible for …………………
A. Preventing goiter
B. Maintaining normal calcium levels
C. Causing contraction of the uterus
D. Increasing metabolic rate

In the average adult female, ovulation occurs at day ………………… of the menstrual cycle
A. 7
B. 14
C. 1
D. 28

………………… is the largest part of the brain
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebral cortex
C. Cerebellum
D. Thalamus

The lunula of the nail appears white because
A. It lacks melanin
B. The nail root is much thicker than the nail body
C. Blood vessels cannot be seen through the thick nail matrix
D. The hyponychium is thicker than the eponychium

After birth, the type of hair on the scalp, eyelids and eyebrows is?
A. Terminal hair
B. Vellus hair
C. Lanugo hair
D. None of the above

………………… aid in the production of body odour mostly in the axillae and perianal area
A. Ceruminous gland
B. Apocrine gland
C. All of the above
D. Eccrine gland

In anatomical position, the body is:
A. Lying face down
B. Lying face up
C. Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs by the side, with palms facing forward
D. Standing upright, facing backward, with palms facing backward

Which term describes a structure closer to the head?
A. Inferior
B. Caudal
C. Superior
D. Lateral

The opposite of anterior (ventral) is:
A. Inferior
B. Posterior (dorsal)
C. Superior (caudal)
D. Lateral

Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A. Transverse plane
B. Coronal plane
C. Sagittal plane
D. Oblique plane

The stomach is ………………… to the spine
A. Anterior (ventral)
B. Posterior (dorsal)
C. Superior
D. Lateral

Which term means “farther from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk”?
A. Distal
B. Proximal
C. Medial
D. Superior

The transverse plane divides the body into:
A. Right and Left parts
B. Front and Back parts
C. Upper and Lower parts
D. Deep and Superficial parts

Which of the following is responsible for oxygen transport in the blood?
A. White blood cells
B. Plasma
C. Hemoglobin
D. Platelets

Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. Lymphocytes
D. Monocytes

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
A. Transport of oxygen and nutrients
B. Regulation pf body temperature
C. Transmission of nerve impulses
D. Protection against infection

What is the normal PH range of human blood
A. 6.8 – 7.0
B. 7.35 – 7.45
C. 7.8 – 8.0
D. 6.0 – 6.5

Which component of blood is involved in immune response?
A. Platelets
B. Red blood cells
C. Plasma proteins
D. White blood cells

Which condition is characterized by excessive bleeding due to lack of clotting factor?
A. Thrombocytopenia
B. Leukopenia
C. Hemophilia
D. Anemia

Which of the following blood cells do NOT have nucleus?
A. White blood cells
B. Red blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Both A and C

Which type of leukocytes is responsible for allergic reactions?
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. Monocytes
D. Lymphocytes

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
A. O
B. A
C. B
D. AB

What is the function of hemoglobin in the red blood cells?
A. To fight infections
B. To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
C. To clot blood
D. To digest nutrients

Which of the following is a hereditary disorder where blood does not clot properly?
A. Sickle cell anemia
B. Hemophilia
C. Leukemia
D. Thrombocytosis

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin D

What is the life span of a red blood cell?
A. 7 days
B. 30 days
C. 120 days
D. 1 year

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle

What is the largest artery in the human body?
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Coronary artery
C. Aorta
D. Vena cava

What is the term for high blood pressure?
A. Hypotension
B. Hypertension
C. Bradycardia
D. Arrhythmia

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Pulmonary vein
C. Aorta
D. Vena cava

Which of the following is the longest part of the digestive system?
A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Small intestine
D. Large intestine

Which of the following conditions is caused by the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus?
A. Peptic ulcer
B. GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
C. Crohn’s disease
D. Appendicitis

A peptic ulcer is most commonly caused by:
A. Excessive alcohol consumption
B. H. pylori infection
C. High-fat diet
D. Lack of bile secretion

The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system are called:
A. Segmentation
B. Peristalsis
C. Mastication
D. Emulsification

The main function of the small intestine is:
A. Water absorption
B. Digestion and absorption of nutrient
C. Production of bile
D. Secretion of gastric acid

The primary function of the liver in digestion is:
A. Secretion of digestive enzymes
B. Production of bile
C. Absorption of nutrients
D. Breaking down of proteins

Which of the following is NOT part of the small intestine?
A. Duodenum
B. Cecum
C. Ileum
D. Jejunum

The rectum stores feaces before elimination through the:
A. Cecum
B. Sigmoid colon
C. Anus
D. Appendix

Which gland secrets melatonin?
A. Adrenal gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Pineal gland
D. Thyroid gland

Which hormone is responsible for fight or flight response?
A. Insulin
B. Adrenaline
C. Oxytocin
D. Estrogen

Which hormone helps in childbirth and milk ejection?
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. Estrogen
D. Testosterone

Which gland regulates blood sugar?
A. Thyroxine
B. Insulin
C. Adrenaline
D. Estrogen

Which endocrine disorder is caused by excessive cortisol production?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Graves’ disease
D. Diabetes insipidus

Graves’ disease is a disorder of which gland?
A. Adrenal
B. Thyroid
C. Pituitary
D. Pancreas

Which hormone is produced by the pancreas?
A. Cortisol
B. Insulin
C. Growth hormone
D. Thyroxine

Which of the following is the primary male reproductive organ?
A. Prostate gland
B. Seminal vesicle
C. Testes
D. Penis

What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
A. Produces sperm
B. Nourishes the developing fetus
C. Helps in digestion
D. Produces sperm

The process of shedding the uterine lining in females is called:
A. Fertilization
B. Menstruation
C. Ovulation
D. Implantation

Where does fertilization of an egg usually occur?
A. Uterus
B. Ovaries
C. Vagina
D. Fallopian tubes

Which structure in the male reproductive system produces the fluid that nourishes and protects sperm?
A. Testes
B. Prostate gland
C. Epididymis
D. Vas deferens

Which of the following is NOT a function of the male reproductive system?
A. Production of sperm
B. Transport of sperm
C. Nourishment of the developing embryo
D. Production of testosterone

The sperm matures and is stored in which part of the male reproductive system?
A. Testes
B. Vas deferens
C. Epididymis
D. Prostate gland

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
A. Support and protection
B. Blood cell production
C. Storage of minerals
D. Production of hormones

Which mineral is most important for bone strength?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Iron
D. Potassium

What type of muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Voluntary muscle

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by:
A. Excess bone formation
B. Loss of bone mass
C. Muscle degeneration
D. Joint inflammation

Which bone is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
A. Skull
B. Ribcage
C. Vertebral column
D. Humerus

What type of bone is the Femur?
A. Short bone
B. Irregular bone
C. Flat bone
D. Long bone

The disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration is:
A. Osteoporosis
B. Muscular dystrophy
C. Arthritis
D. Bursitis

Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Epidymis

What is the largest organ of the human body?
A. Heart
B. Liver
C. Skin
D. Lungs

What type of gland produces oil to lubricate the skin?
A. Sweat gland
B. Sebaceous gland
C. Endocrine gland
D. Adrenal gland

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
A. Blood circulation
B. Protection and temperature regulation
C. Digestion
D. Hormone production

Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin when exposed to sunlight?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D

Hair and nails are primarily composed of which protein?
A. Keratin
B. Collagen
C. Melanin
D. Actin

Which condition is caused by excessive melanin production in the skin?
A. Vitiligo
B. Albinism
C. Hyperpigmentation
D. Psoriasis

What structure is responsible for hair growth?
A. Hair follicle
B. Hair bulb
C. Arrector pili
D. Hair shaft

The presence of which of the following would most likely indicate a skin infection?
A. A smooth, even skin tone
B. A raised, red area of the skin with pus
C. A small, dark mole
D. A blister that is not painful

What type of skin disorder is characterized by the loss of pigment in certain areas of the skin?
A. Psoriasis
B. Vitiligo
C. Eczema
D. Acne

What is the most common cause of acne?
A. Excessive oil production by sebaceous glands
B. Fungal infections
C. A lack of sweat production
D. Overexposure to sunlight

Which of the following is the primary organ responsible for excretion in humans?
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Kidneys
D. Liver

What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Neuron
B. Alveolus
C. Nephron
D. Glomerulus

Which of the following is responsible for filtering the blood in the kidney?
A. Bowman’s capsule
B. Renal pelvis
C. Ureter
D. Glomerulus

Which of the following is NOT a waste product excreted by the kidney?
A. Urea
B. Glucose
C. Creatinine
D. Uric acid

The auditory nerve is also known as:
A. Optic nerve
B. Vestibulocochlear nerve
C. Olfactory nerve
D. Trigerminal nerve

The olfactory receptors are located in the:
A. Nasal cavity
B. Pharynx
C. Larynx
D. Olfactory bulb

The cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell is:
A. Facial nerve
B. Olfactory nerve
C. Optic nerve
D. Vagus nerve

The cranial nerves involved in taste sensation include:
A. Glossopharyngeal and Facial nerves
B. Optic and Vagus nerves
C. Hypoglossal and Trigerminal nerves
D. Olfactory and Trochlear nerves

The structure responsible for detecting sound vibrations in the inner ear is:
A. Tympanic memebrane
B. Cochlea
C. Semicircular canals
D. Ossicles

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cornea?
A. Protection
B. Refraction of light
C. Image formation
D. Regulation of pupil size

The smallest bone in the human body is :
A. Incus
B. Stapes
C. Malleus
D. Hyoid

Which of the following can protect the ear from very loud sounds?
A. Eustachian tube
B. Stapedius and tensor tympani
C. Cochlea
D. Oval window

The structure that produces tears to keep the eye moist is the:
A. Ciliary body
B. Lacrimal gland
C. Choroid
D. Vitreous humor

The inability to distinguish certain colours due to defective cones is known as:
A. Myopia
B. Glaucoma
C. Colour blindness
D. Presbyopia

Which vitamin is essential for good vision, especially night vision?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin K

The receptors for taste are called:
A. Olfactory cells
B. Taste buds
C. Mechanoreceptors
D. Photoreceptors