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Vraag gesteld door: Qtus - 2 jaren geleden

Maak een oefenexamen van de volgende tekst: ## Documentary film: Orphans of the land
**1. Development Actors in the Resettlement Process:**

The key development actors in *Orphans of the Land (2016)* are:

- **Ethiopian Government**: Central to the resettlement scheme, driving the planning and implementation of policies aimed at relocating populations from overpopulated and resource-scarce areas to more fertile land.
- **International Organizations**: The World Bank and other international donors provide financial backing and technical assistance for the resettlement initiatives.
- **Local Authorities**: Regional and district officials are involved in the execution and management of resettlement on the ground.
- **NGOs**: Some non-governmental organizations play supportive roles in providing aid and addressing humanitarian concerns.

**2. Roles of These Actors in the Resettlement Scheme:**

- **Ethiopian Government**: Responsible for orchestrating the large-scale resettlement program as a solution to land scarcity and food insecurity. For instance, the film shows government officials promoting the move to underdeveloped regions as part of their strategy for economic development and national modernization.
- **International Organizations**: The World Bank and other donors support the Ethiopian governments efforts financially and logistically, emphasizing development and poverty reduction, though there are concerns about the impact on local communities. The film highlights international pressure to ensure compliance with global standards.
- **Local Authorities**: Tasked with executing government policies, local authorities allocate land and resources to resettled families. However, in the film, they are sometimes seen struggling with practical challenges such as providing adequate infrastructure and services.
- **NGOs**: In some instances, NGOs intervene to advocate for the rights of displaced populations and provide basic services. The film illustrates how these organizations attempt to support communities but face limitations due to the scale of the displacement.

**3. Development Paradigms Reflected in the Film:**

- **Modernization Paradigm**: The film reflects a belief in the modernization paradigm, where resettlement is seen as a tool to enhance agricultural productivity and integrate rural areas into the national economy. An example is the Ethiopian governments effort to move people to more fertile land, aiming for increased agricultural output.

- **Top-Down Development Approach**: The resettlement process follows a top-down model, where decisions are made by the state and international organizations, often without sufficient consultation with affected communities. In the film, displaced people express frustration at being moved without adequate input or preparation, highlighting the disconnect between decision-makers and those directly impacted.

- **Development-Induced Displacement**: The film portrays development-induced displacement, showing how resettlement, meant to improve livelihoods, can instead cause hardship. People lose access to their traditional lands, face poor living conditions in new areas, and struggle to adapt. A concrete example from the film is when resettled families find the promised fertile land to be inadequate for farming, exacerbating their vulnerability.

Through these paradigms and examples, *Orphans of the Land* critiques the unintended consequences of poorly planned resettlement efforts.
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